OVERVIEW
The IRS provides Form 1040-ES for you to calculate and pay estimated taxes for the current year. While the 1040 relates to the previous year, the estimated tax form calculates taxes for the current year. You use Form 1040-ES to pay income tax, self-employment tax and any other tax you may be liable for.
Who pays estimated tax?
Not all taxable income is set up so that taxes are deducted at the source. Independent contractors and freelancers, for example, typically do not have tax deducted from their pay. Earnings from interest, dividends and rent, taxable unemployment compensation, retirement benefits and the taxable part of your Social Security benefits are other examples of income that often does not have tax withheld at the source. If you have any of theses types of income coming in, then you might need to pay estimated taxes during the year.
Paying estimated taxes
The estimated tax payment is based on an estimation of your income for the current year. As such, it is possible to underestimate, resulting in an underpayment and penalty. To avoid this penalty, you can use your previous year’s taxes as a guide. In many cases, as long as you pay 100 percent of the previous year's tax, you won’t be subject to the penalty. If you end up overpaying, you can receive a tax refund at the end of the year or carryover the excess amount to help pay the estimated taxes for the next year.
The requirement for making estimated taxes has both timeliness and amount elements. You need to pay a sufficient amount when you make your payments. You should also pay the quarterly tax in a timely fashion, or you may find yourself subject to a penalty for a particular quarter because the tax was received late, even if you overpaid the total tax due for the year and are eligible for a refund.
Calculating estimated taxes
The calculation is based on an estimate of current income. To help with the estimation, you can start with the previous year's federal tax return. Look at the taxable income, tax paid, credits and deductions from the previous year and compare to the current year’s numbers. The Form 1040-ES package includes worksheets to help you account for differences between the previous and current year’s income and calculate the tax you owe.
Who should file 1040-ES
To figure out if you should file 1040-ES for the current year make the following calculation:
Take your total tax for the previous year. Calculate 90 percent of your total tax you estimate you will owe in the current year. Compare the two, and take the smaller number. (For example, you paid $500 as tax the previous year. This year you estimate you will pay $1,000, and 90 percent of that is $900. The smaller of the two numbers is $500.) Now reduce the total by any tax withholdings and tax credits you may have. This should provide an estimate of the amount that you will owe when you prepare your taxes.
If you expect to owe at least $1,000 in taxes, after all deductions and credits, AND your withholding and credits are expected to be less than the calculated number—in this example $500—then you should make estimated tax payments using Form 1040-ES.
Exception to filing requirement
If you had no tax liability for the prior year, you were a U.S. citizen or resident for the whole year and your prior tax year covered a 12-month period, then you do not have to file Form 1040-ES.
When to file 1040-ES
Estimated tax payments are due four times in a tax year. For calendar year taxpayers (which is most individuals), the due dates are April 15, June 15, September 15 of the current year and January 15 of the following year or the next business day if the due date falls on a weekend or holiday.
If you work on a fiscal year calendar—the year does not run from January 1 to December 31—then the four due dates are spread through the fiscal year, on the 15th day of the fourth, sixth and ninth month of the year and on the 15th of the first month of the next fiscal year.
Making payments
You can pay weekly, biweekly or whatever interval suits you, as long as you pay in full the amount due for that period. You can also estimate your tax liability for the whole year and pay the estimated tax early in one lump sum by the 15th of April of the current year.
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